In your own words describe the following heat treatment procedures for steels and, for each, the intended final microstructure: full annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering.

Question: Describe the four heat treatment procedures for steels and their intended final microstructures. Answer: The four heat treatment procedures for steels are full annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering. Full annealing results in a soft, ductile ferrite-pearlite microstructure by heating steel above its upper critical transformation temperature and slowly cooling it. Normalizing refines the grain structure, resulting in a fine-grained pearlite microstructure with interspersed ferrite grains, by heating steel slightly above its upper critical transformation point and air cooling. Quenching produces a hard and brittle martensitic microstructure by rapidly cooling steel after heating, while tempering relieves stresses induced by quenching and improves toughness and ductility, resulting in a tempered martensite microstructure.