Briefly describe the phenomenon of passivity. Name two common types of alloy that passivate.

Passivity is a phenomenon seen in certain metals and alloys in which, under specific environmental conditions, they tend to form a protective oxide layer on their surface. This oxide layer acts as a barrier, preventing further oxidation or corrosion of the metal. This is a useful property for metals and alloys used in harsh environments, as it helps to prolong their lifespan.

The process of passivation occurs naturally in some metals and alloys. When these materials come in contact with corrosive environments such as air, water, or chemical substances, they react with these environments and form an oxide layer on their surface. This oxide layer is usually very thin (in the order of few nanometers) but impervious to further corrosive attack, thereby protecting the metal or alloy beneath.

The ability of a metal or alloy to passivate is important for various applications. Passivity is particularly valuable for materials used in environments where corrosion is a major concern, such as in the construction, transportation, and energy industries. The passivity phenomenon helps these materials to maintain their strength and integrity, improving both their life span and performance.

Two common types of alloys that exhibit passivity are: 1. Stainless Steel: This is an alloy of iron, chromium, nickel, and other elements. The chromium in the alloy reacts with oxygen in the environment to form a thin chromium oxide layer on the surface of the steel. This oxide layer is stable, adherent, and acts as a barrier to further oxidation or corrosion, giving stainless steel its excellent resistance to corrosion. 2. Aluminum Alloys: Aluminum alloys are lightweight materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio, making them attractive for various applications. When exposed to the atmosphere, aluminum forms a thin layer of aluminum oxide on its surface, which adheres to the metal and provides a barrier against further oxidation or corrosion, contributing to its excellent corrosion resistance.