How does the electron structure of an isolated atom differ from that of a solid material?

Based on the given step by step solution, compare the electron structure of an isolated atom with that of a solid material. The electron structure of an isolated atom consists of electrons organized in discrete energy levels or atomic orbitals (s, p, d, or f), according to the Aufbau Principle. In contrast, the electron structure in a solid material consists of energy bands formed due to the overlap of atomic orbitals between neighboring atoms. The electron distribution in an isolated atom is confined to individual atomic orbitals, while in a solid material, it is delocalized across the entire material, populating continuous energy bands. This difference affects bonding and properties, as isolated atoms have electrons localized around the nucleus with no bonds, while solid materials have various types of bonding (ionic, covalent, or metallic), leading to distinct properties like electrical conductivity, magnetism, or hardness.