Cite the differences between hard and soft magnetic materials in terms of both hysteresis behavior and typical applications.

Hard magnetic materials are those that have a strong resistance to demagnetization and maintain a large permanent magnetization. Soft magnetic materials, on the other hand, are those that easily get magnetized and demagnetized and do not have a strong permanent magnetization.

The hysteresis loop is a plot representing the relationship between the magnetizing field (H) and the magnetization (M) produced in a magnetic material. Hard magnetic materials have a wide hysteresis loop, whereas soft magnetic materials have a narrow hysteresis loop. For hard magnetic materials, the energy required to demagnetize the material, known as the coercivity, is high. This is due to their large hysteresis loop, meaning they require a stronger opposing magnetic field to change the direction of magnetization. On the other hand, soft magnetic materials have low coercivity due to their small hysteresis loop. This means they can be easily magnetized and demagnetized with a smaller applied magnetic field.

Some typical applications of hard magnetic materials include: 1. Permanent magnets: These magnets are widely used in various industries such as automotive, electronics, and aerospace. Examples include neodymium magnets, alnico magnets, and samarium-cobalt magnets. 2. Magnetic data storage: Hard magnetic materials play an essential role in data storage devices like magnetic tapes and hard disk drives. 3. Sensors and actuators: They are used in various sensor applications such as speed sensors, torque sensors, and position sensors, as well as in actuators for electric motors and other devices.

Some typical applications of soft magnetic materials include: 1. Transformer cores: Soft magnetic materials are used in transformer cores due to their ability to easily change magnetization and minimization of the energy loss in the form of heat. Examples include silicon steel, amorphous magnetic materials, and nanocrystalline materials. 2. Inductors and chokes: These applications require materials that can change magnetization quickly and easily to maintain electrical efficiency. 3. Magnetic shielding: Soft magnetic materials can be used to create magnetic shields around devices or components that are sensitive to magnetic fields, such as copper shielding in MRI machines or shielding in electronic devices.