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Chapter 6: Problem 54

Cite five factors that lead to scatter in measured material properties.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The five factors that may contribute to scatter in measured material properties are material inhomogeneity, testing conditions, testing method, material anisotropy, and sample size and statistics.

Step by step solution

01

Factor 1: Material Inhomogeneity

Material inhomogeneity refers to the varying composition, structure, or physical properties of a material at different locations. This can be caused by the manufacturing process, defects, or impurities. Inhomogeneous materials can exhibit scatter in measured properties because the properties will vary depending on where the measurements are taken.
02

Factor 2: Testing Conditions

The conditions under which material properties are measured can also introduce scatter in the results. Factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmosphere can affect the material properties being measured. To minimize this type of scatter, testing should ideally be performed under standardized and controlled conditions.
03

Factor 3: Testing Method

The testing method itself may introduce scatter in measured properties due to the inherent limitations or variability of the method. This includes the sensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment, human error, or differences in applied force, pressure, or strain. It is essential to understand the limitations of the testing methods and account for any potential sources of error.
04

Factor 4: Material Anisotropy

Anisotropic materials possess different properties when measured along different axes. For example, the mechanical strength of a composite material might be stronger along the direction of the fibers compared to perpendicular to them. When testing anisotropic materials, the measured properties may show scatter if the test samples have different orientations compared to one another.
05

Factor 5: Sample Size and Statistics

Finally, the sample size and statistical methods used in testing may also introduce scatter in measured properties. A larger sample size may provide more accurate data, while smaller sample sizes are more likely to be subjected to higher variability. Additionally, the choice of statistical methodology for analyzing the data can influence the amount of scatter observed. It is crucial to select appropriate sample sizes and statistical methods to minimize scatter in measured material properties.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Using the solution to Problem \(6.13\), rank the magnitudes of the moduli of elasticity for the following hypothetical X, Y, and Z materials from the greatest to the least. The appropriate \(A, B\), and \(n\) parameters (Equation \(6.25)\), for these three materials are shown in the following table; they yield \(E_{N}\) in units of electron volts and \(r\) in nanometers: $$ \begin{array}{cccc} \hline \text { Material } & \boldsymbol{A} & \boldsymbol{B} & \boldsymbol{n} \\\ \hline \mathrm{X} & 2.5 & 2.0 \times 10^{-5} & 8 \\ \mathrm{Y} & 2.3 & 8.0 \times 10^{-6} & 10.5 \\ \mathrm{Z} & 3.0 & 1.5 \times 10^{-5} & 9 \\ \hline \end{array} $$

Using the data in Problem \(6.29\) and Equations 6.15, 6.16, and 6.18a, generate a true stress-true strain plot for aluminum. Equation \(6.18\) a becomes invalid past the point at which necking begins; therefore, measured diameters are given in the following table for the last four data points, which should be used in true stress computations. $$ \begin{array}{cccccc} \hline \text {Load} & & \text {Length} & & \text {Diameter} \\ \hline \boldsymbol{N} & \boldsymbol{l b}_{f} & \boldsymbol{m m} & \text { in. } & {\boldsymbol{m m}} & \text { in. } \\ \hline 46,100 & 10,400 & 56.896 & 2.240 & 11.71 & 0.461 \\ 44,800 & 10,100 & 57.658 & 2.270 & 11.26 & 0.443 \\ 42,600 & 9,600 & 58.420 & 2.300 & 10.62 & 0.418 \\ 36,400 & 8,200 & 59.182 & 2.330 & 9.40 & 0.370 \\ \hline \end{array} $$

A cylindrical rod of copper \((E=110 \mathrm{GPa}\), \(16 \times 10^{6}\) psi) having a yield strength of 240 MPa ( \(35,000 \mathrm{psi})\) is to be subjected to a load of \(6660 \mathrm{~N}\left(1500 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)\). If the length of the rod is \(380 \mathrm{~mm}\) (15.0 in.), what must be the diameter to allow an elongation of \(0.50 \mathrm{~mm}\) \((0.020 \mathrm{in} .)\) ?

The following true stresses produce the corresponding true plastic strains for a brass alloy: $$ \begin{array}{cc} \hline \begin{array}{c} \text { True Stress } \\ \text { (psi) } \end{array} & \text { True Strain } \\ \hline 50,000 & 0.10 \\ 60,000 & 0.20 \\ \hline \end{array} $$ What true stress is necessary to produce a true plastic strain of \(0.25\) ?

Consider a cylindrical specimen of some hypothetical metal alloy that has a diameter of \(8.0 \mathrm{~mm}(0.31 \mathrm{in} .)\). A tensile force of \(1000 \mathrm{~N}\) \(\left(225 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{f}}\right.\) ) produces an elastic reduction in diameter of \(2.8 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~mm}\left(1.10 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{in}\right.\).). Compute the modulus of elasticity for this alloy, given that Poisson's ratio is \(0.30\).
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