State the number of elements in an \(n \times m\) matrix.

When we talk about the dimensions of a matrix, we are essentially discussing the size of the matrix which is defined by the number of rows and columns it contains. A matrix with dimensions of \( n \times m \) means it has 'n' rows and 'm' columns. The matrix dimensions are typically written in this row-by-column format because it provides a clear picture of the matrix's structure, which is crucial for performing operations like addition, multiplication, and determining the matrix's elements.

Understanding the matrix dimensions is the first step when engaging with matrices, as it lays the groundwork for all subsequent calculations and understanding the relationships among the elements within the matrix.

The number of rows and columns in a matrix is a fundamental property that defines its shape and the arrangement of its elements. Rows are the horizontal lines of entries in the matrix, while columns are the vertical lines. For any two-dimensional matrix, the number of rows is noted as 'n', and the number of columns as 'm' in the \( n \times m \) notation.

For example, in a 3x2 matrix, there are three rows and two columns, which suggests that the matrix will have a total of 3 horizontal lines, each containing 2 elements. It's important to be familiar with counting the rows and columns correctly as it affects other matrix operations, and it's especially essential in understanding more complex concepts like determinants and eigenvectors.

Matrix multiplication is a more complex operation than the addition or subtraction of matrices and has a specific set of rules to follow. To multiply two matrices, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. The product of an \( n \times m \) matrix and an \( m \times p \) matrix will result in an \( n \times p \) matrix.

The element in the ith row and jth column of the resulting matrix is calculated by multiplying together corresponding elements from the ith row of the first matrix and the jth column of the second matrix, and then summing those products. Therefore, each element of the resulting matrix is a sum-product of elements from the rows of the first matrix and columns of the second matrix. Matrix multiplication is not commutative; this means that the order in which you multiply matrices matters.