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Chapter 18: Q1CP (page 720)

What is the most important general difference between a system in steady state and a system in equilibrium?

Short Answer

Expert verified

When a system is at equilibrium, there is no net heat transmission. The term "steady state" describes a (possibly) open system in which there may be heat transmission but no change in the system's state.

Step by step solution

01

Significance of the steady state and equilibrium

A chemical reaction is said to be in a steady state when the concentration of an intermediate remains constant, as opposed to equilibrium, where the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal.

02

Determination of the difference between a system in steady state and a system in equilibrium

In contrast to steady state, which is the stage of a chemical reaction when an intermediate's concentration is constant, equilibrium is a condition in which the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal.

In contrast to steady state, when just some components are maintained constant, equilibrium maintains the concentrations of all components at a constant level.

When a system is at equilibrium, there is no net heat transmission. The term "steady state" describes a (possibly) open system in which there may be heat transmission but no change in the system's state.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In the circuit shown figure 18.108, two thick copper wires connect a 1.5 V battery to a Nichrome wire. Each thick connecting wire is 17 cm long and has a radius of 9 mm. Copper has 8.4×1028mobile electrons per cubic meter and electron mobility. The Nichrome wire is 8 cm long and has a radius of 3 mm. Nichrome has 9×1028mobile electrons per cubic meter and electron mobility of 7×10-5(ms)(Vm).

(a) What is the magnitude of the electric field in the thick copper wire?

(b) What is the magnitude of the electric field in the thin Nichrome wire?

Question: The following questions refer to the circuit shown in Figure 18.114, consisting of two flashlight batteries and two Nichrome wires of different lengths and different thicknesses as shown (corresponding roughly to your own thick and thin Nichrome wires).

The thin wire is 50 cm long, and its diameter is 0.25 mm. The thick wire is 15 cm long, and its diameter is 0.35 mm. (a) The emf of each flashlight battery is 1.5 V. Determine the steady-state electric field inside each Nichrome wire. Remember that in the steady state you must satisfy both the current node rule and energy conservation. These two principles give you two equations for the two unknown fields. (b) The electron mobility

in room-temperature Nichrome is about . Show that it takes an electron 36 min to drift through the two Nichrome wires from location B to location A. (c) On the other hand, about how long did it take to establish the steady state when the circuit was first assembled? Give a very approximate numerical answer, not a precise one. (d) There are about mobile electrons per cubic meter in Nichrome. How many electrons cross the junction between the two wires every second?

Suppose that a wire leads into another, thinner wire of the same material that has only half the cross-sectional area. In the steady state, the number of electrons per second flowing through the thick wire must be equal to the number of electrons per second flowing through the thin wire. If the electric field \({E_1}\) in the thick wire is \(1 \times 1{0^{ - 2}}\;N/C\), what is the electric field \({E_2}\) in the thinner wire?

Question:In figure 18.102 suppose that VC-VF=8 V and VD-VE=4.5 V.

(a) What is the potential difference VC-VD?

(b) If the element between the battery C and D is a battery, is the + end of the battery at C or D?

The emf of a particular flashlight battery is 1.7 V. If the battery is 4.5 cm long and radius of cylindrical battery is 1 cm, estimate roughly the amount of charge on the positive end plate of the battery.
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