Log out Go to App
Go to App

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 10: Q70E (page 472)

Sketch an energy-versus-position diagram. Complementary to Figure 10.4, showing valence hole motion a conduction electron participation in an operating pnp transistor.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The following sketch shows the movement of the electrons and holes.

Step by step solution

01

Given data

Electrons have energy.

02

Definition of electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge is called an electron. It can either be free (not attached to any atoms) or bonded to an atom's nucleus. Atomic electrons are organised into spherical shells with different radii to represent different energy levels.

The energy held within an electron increases with the size of the spherical shell.

03

Draw the Energy versus Position Diagram

The following sketch shows the movement of the electrons and holes.


As we can see, most of the holes float upward and goes to the collector, only a small fraction will combine with electrons in the base and goes back to the emitter input circuit.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Start your free trial

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with Vaia!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

What factors decrease the conductivity of a conductor as temperature increases? Are these factors also present in a Semiconductor, and if so, how can its conductivity vary with temperature in the opposite sense?

Question: - (a) Compare equation (10-11) evaluated at room temperature for a silicon band gap of 1.1 eV and for a typical donor-state/conduction band gap of 0.05 eV.

(b) Assuming only one impurity atom for every 10³ silicon atoms, do your results suggest that majority carriers, bumped up from donor levels. should outnumber minority carriers created by thermal excitation across the whole 1.1 eV gap? (The calculation ignores the difference in density of states between donor levels and bands, which actually strengthens the argument.)

The bond length of theN2 molecule is0.11 nm , and its effective spring constant is 2.3×103N/mat room temperature.

(a) What would be the ratio of molecules with rotational quantum numberℓ=1 to those withℓ=0 (at the same vibrational level), and

(b) What would be the ratio of molecules with vibrational quantum numbern=1 to those with n=0(with the same rotational energy)?

The accompanying diagram shows resistivity (reciprocal of conductivity) data for four solid materials from 77Kto 273K. scaled so that the maximum value plotted for each material is 1. Two are metals, one of which undergoes a transition between ordered and disordered spins in this temperature range. Speculate as to which plots correspond to these two metals and what the other two materials might be. Explain your reasoning.

Electron affinity is a property specifying the "appetite" of an element for gaining electrons. Elements, such as fluorine and oxygen that lack only one or two electrons to complete shells can achieve a lower energy state by absorbing an external electron. For instance, in uniting an electron with a neutral chlorine atom, completing its n = 3 shell and forming a CI ion, 3.61 eV of energy is liberated. Suppose an electron is detached from a sodium atom, whose ionization energy is 5.14 eV.Then transferred to a (faraway) chlorine atom.

(a) Must energy on balance be put in by an external agent, or is some energy actually liberated? If so How much?

(b) The transfer leaves the sodium with a positive charge and the chlorine with a negative. Energy can now be extracted by allowing these ions to draw close forming a molecule. How close must they approach to recover the energy expended in part (a)?

(c)The actual separation of the atoms in a NaCl molecule is 0.24 nm. How much lower in energy is the molecule than the separated neutral atoms?

See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Physics Textbooks

Mechanics and Materials

Read Explanation

Force

Read Explanation

Medical Physics

Read Explanation

Physical Quantities And Units

Read Explanation

Space Physics

Read Explanation

Translational Dynamics

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.

Sign-up for free