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Chapter 8: Q22CQ (page 339)
Question: Huge tables of characteristic X-rays start at lithium. Why not hydrogen or helium?
Answer
X-rays do not start at hydrogen or helium because all of the electrons are n= 1 electrons.
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Question: In classical electromagnetism, the simplest magnetic dipole is a circular current loop, which behaves in a magnetic field just as an electric dipole does in an electric field. Both experience torques and thus have orientation energies -p.Eand(a) The designation "orientation energy" can be misleading. Of the four cases shown in Figure 8.4 in which would work have to be done to move the dipole horizontally without reorienting it? Briefly explain. (b) In the magnetic case, using B and u for the magnitudes of the field and the dipole moment, respectively, how much work would be required to move the dipole a distance dx to the left? (c) Having shown that a rate of change of the "orientation energy'' can give a force, now consider equation (8-4). Assuming that B and are general, writein component form. Then, noting thatis not a function of position, take the negative gradient. (d) Now referring to the specific magnetic field pictured in Figure 8.3 which term of your part (c) result can be discarded immediately? (e) Assuming thatandvary periodically at a high rate due to precession about the z-axis what else may be discarded as averaging to 0? (f) Finally, argue that what you have left reduces to equation (8-5).
The radius of cesium is roughly.
(a) From this estimate the effective charge its valence electron orbits
(b) Given the nature of the electron's orbit. is this effective nuclearcharge reasonable?
(c) Compare this effective Zwith that obtained for sodium in Example 8.3. Are the values at odds with the evidence given in Figurethat it takes less energy to remove an electron from cesium than from sodium? Explain.
What is the angle between and in a (a) and(b) state of hydrogen?
Two particles in a box occupy the andindividual-particle states. Given that the normalization constant is the same as in Example(see Exercise 36), calculate for both the symmetric and antisymmetric states the probability that both particles would be found in the left side of the box (i.e., between 0 and)?
In its ground state, nitrogen's 2p electrons interact to produce . Given Hund's rule, how might the orbit at angular momenta of these three electrons combine?
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