State and explain the law of gravitation.

Sir Isaac Newton formulated the Universal Law of Gravitation, which deals with the attractive force between two objects. In simple terms, every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting both points. The force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

The formula of the Universal Law of Gravitation can be written mathematically as: F = G * (m1*m2) / r^2, where F is the force of gravity, G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, and r is the distance between the centers of the two objects.

- F (force of gravity): The attractive force experienced by two objects due to their masses. - G (gravitational constant): A constant that depends on the units of measurement used. In SI units, the gravitational constant is approximately 6.67430 × 10^{-11} m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2}. - m1 and m2 (masses of the two objects): The mass of each object, measured in kilograms (kg). The product of the two masses, m1 * m2, is directly proportional to the gravitational force. - r (distance between the centers of the two objects): The distance between the centers of the objects, measured in meters (m). The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects, meaning that as the distance increases, the gravitational force decreases, and vice versa. By understanding the Universal Law of Gravitation and its equation, we can calculate the force of gravity between any two objects, considering their masses and the distance between them. This law has been fundamental to our understanding of gravity and its effects on the motion of celestial bodies, including the Earth, Moon, and other planets.