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Chapter 41: Q. 21 (page 1207)
A hydrogen atom is in the state. How much time must elapse for there to be a chance that this atom will undergo a quantum jump to the ground state?
must elapse for there to be a chance that this atom will undergo a quantum jump to the ground state.
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For an electron in the state of hydrogen, what is the probability of being in a spherical shell of thickness at distance (a) , (b) , and (c) from the proton?
In LASIK surgery, a laser is used to reshape the cornea of the eye to improve vision. The laser produces extremely short pulses of light, each containing of energy.
a. There are photons in each pulse. What is the wavelength of the laser?
b. Each pulse lasts a mere . What is the average power delivered to the cornea during a pulse?
Consider the three hydrogen-atom states and . Which has the highest energy?
In fluorescence microscopy, an important tool in biology, a laser beam is absorbed by target molecules in a sample. These molecules are then imaged by a microscope as they emit longer-wavelength photons in quantum jumps back to lower energy levels, a process known as fluorescence. A variation on this technique is two-photon excitation. If two photons are absorbed simultaneously, their energies add. Consequently, a molecule that is normally excited by a photon of energycan be excited by the simultaneous absorption of two photons having half as much energy. For this process to be useful, the sample must be irradiated at the very high intensity of at least . This is achieved by concentrating the laser power into very short pulses ( pulse length) and then focusing the laser beam to a small spot. The laser is fired at the rate of pulses each second. Suppose a biologist wants to use two-photon excitation to excite a molecule that in normal fluorescence microscopy would be excited by a laser with a wavelength of . If she focuses the laser beam to a-diameter spot, what minimum energy must each pulse have?
A neon discharge tube emits a bright reddish-orange spectrum, but a glass tube filled with neon is completely transparent. Why doesn’t the neon in the tube absorb orange and red wavelengths?
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