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Chapter 36: Q. 32 (page 1060)
A proton is accelerated to .
a. What is the proton’s momentum?
b. By what factor does the proton’s momentum exceed its Newtonian momentum?
a.)
b.) localid="1649819657839" times less
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Many science fiction spaceships are powered by antimatter reactors. Suppose a long spaceship, with a mass of
when empty, carries of fuel: each of matter and antimatter. The matter and antimatter are slowly combined, and the energy of their total annihilation is used to propel the ship. After consuming all the fuel and reaching top speed, the spaceship flies past a space station that is stationary with respect to the planet from which the ship was launched. What is the length of the spaceship as measured by astronauts on the space station?
At what speed, as a fraction of c, is a particle’s total energy twice its rest energy?
FIGURE Q36.5 shows Peggy standing at the center of her railroad car as it passes Ryan on the ground. Firecrackers attached to the ends of the car explode. A short time later, the flashes from the two explosions arrive at Peggy at the same time.
a. Were the explosions simultaneous in Peggy’s reference frame? If not, which exploded first? Explain.
b. Were the explosions simultaneous in Ryan’s reference frame?
The sun radiates energy at the rate . The source of this energy is fusion, a nuclear reaction in which mass is transformed into energy. The mass of the sun is .
a. How much mass does the sun lose each year?
b. What percent is this of the sun’s total mass?
c. Fusion takes place in the core of a star, where the temperature and pressure are highest. A star like the sun can sustain fusion until it has transformed about of its total mass into energy, then fusion ceases and the star slowly dies. Estimate the sun’s lifetime, giving your answer in billions of years.
Teenagers Sam and Tom are playing chicken in their rockets. As FIGURE Q36.2 shows, an experimenter on earth sees that each is traveling at as he approaches the other. Sam fires a laser beam toward Tom.
a. What is the speed of the laser beam relative to Sam?
b. What is the speed of the laser beam relative to Tom?
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