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Chapter 19: Q. 2 (page 543)
Do (a) temperature, (b) heat, and (c) thermal energy describe a property of a system, an interaction of the system with its environment, or both? Explain.
A. In the system, thermal energy is seen if the system behaves isolated in nature. No interaction has not seen in the environment.
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You would like to put a solar hot water system on your roof, but you're not sure it's feasible. A reference book on solar energy shows that the ground-level solar intensity in your city is for at least 5 hours a day throughout most of the year. Assuming that a completely black collector plate loses energy only by radiation, and that the air temperature is , what is the equilibrium temperature of a collector plate directly facing the sun? Note that while a plate has two sides, only the side facing the sun will radiate because the opposite side will be well insulated.
The sun's intensity at the distance of the earth is . of this energy is reflected by water and clouds; is absorbed. What would be the earth's average temperature (in ) if the earth had no atmosphere? The emissivity of the surface is very close to 1 . (The actual average temperature of the earth, about , is higher than your calculation because of the greenhouse effect.)
Suppose you take and hold a deep breath on a chilly day, inhaling 3.0 L of air at 0°C and 1 atm. a. How much heat must your body supply to warm the air to your internal body temperature of 37°C? b. By how much does the air’s volume increase as it warms?
A diameter cylinder of nitrogen gas has a -thick movable copper piston. The cylinder is oriented vertically, as shown in FIGURE P19.50, and the air above the piston is evacuated. When the gas temperature isthe piston floats above the bottom of the cylinder.
a. What is the gas pressure?
b. How many gas molecules are in the cylinder? Then of heat energy are transferred to the gas.
c. What is the new equilibrium temperature of the gas?
d. What is the final height of the piston?
e. How much work is done on the gas as the piston rises?
A satellite to reflect radar is a diameter, thick spherical copper shell. While orbiting the earth, the satellite absorbs sunlight and is warmed to . When it passes into the earth's shadow, the satellite radiates energy to deep space. The temperature of deep space is actually , as a result of the Big Bang 14 billion years ago, but it is so much colder than the satellite that you can assume a deep-space temperature of . If the satellite's emissivity is , to what temperature, in , will it drop during the 45 minutes it takes to move through the earth's shadow?
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