Chapter 21: Problem 21

How are magnetars able to emit bursts of X-rays and gamma rays?

Short Answer

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Magnetars, a unique subset of neutron stars, emit bursts of X-rays and gamma rays due to the decay of their incredibly powerful magnetic fields. This decay process initiates starquakes and induces an electric field, which promotes the production of high-energy electrons. These electrons, influenced by the star's high gravitational field, accelerate towards and collide with the star at near light speed, emitting high-energy X-rays and gamma rays in the process.

Step by step solution

Understanding Magnetars

Magnetars are a type of neutron star; the remnants of supernovae explosions. They are characterized by an extremely powerful magnetic field, which is substantially stronger than any found elsewhere in the universe. This magnetic field decays over thousands of years.

X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Production

As the magnetar's magnetic field decays, it induces an electric field. This electric field provides sufficient energy for electrons to overcome the 'work function' of the surface atoms (quantified as their ionization or atomic energy), and results in these electrons being catapulted away from the star at high speeds. Due to the star's high gravitational field, these electrons are then pulled back, resulting in them accelerating towards and hitting the star at near light speed. This process is often referred to as 'braking radiation' or 'synchrotron radiation'. These high-energy electrons interact with the strong magnetic fields, which can result in the emission of X-rays and gamma rays.

Emitting Bursts

As the magnetic field decays, it causes a reconfiguration of the magnetar's crust and potentially the star quakes that cause a release of energy as an intense burst of X-rays and gamma rays. This energy release is what scientists on Earth can observe as pulses or bursts from these unique celestial entities.

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How are magnetars able to emit bursts of X-rays and gamma rays?

Short Answer

Step by step solution

Understanding Magnetars

X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Production

Emitting Bursts

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