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Chapter 9: Problem 27

How are scientists able to measure what the atmospheric \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) concentration and average surface temperature were in the distant past?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Scientists measure the historical atmospheric CO2 concentration and average surface temperature by analyzing ice cores to determine trapped CO2 content and using proxy methods such as oxygen isotopes and tree rings for temperature estimates. Geological and fossil studies are also conducted for comprehensive information.

Step by step solution

01

Analysis of Ice Cores

Scientists usually collect samples of ice cores from polar regions. These core samples trap tiny bubbles of air that represent a snapshot of the atmosphere at the time the ice froze. For each layer of ice, the trapped gases, including CO2, can be extracted and measured to give an estimate of the atmospheric concentration at the time.
02

Temperature Proxies

Scientists use different methods to estimate past temperatures, often referred to as 'proxies'. One common method is the use of oxygen isotopes in ice cores. The ratio of different oxygen isotopes in the ice cores changes with temperature. Thus, by analyzing this ratio in different layers of the ice cores, scientists can get estimates of past temperatures. Another common method is the analysis of tree rings because the ring width varies with temperature and precipitation.
03

Fossil and Geological Study

Scientific study of specific fossil types, geological formation known as 'tillites', and rock types that form in specific climatic conditions are used to derive information about past climate conditions. Such studies provide complementary information integrating the data obtained from ice cores and tree rings.

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