Use \(V=\frac{k q}{r}, E_{x}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}, E_{y}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial y},\) and \(E_{z}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\) to derive the expression for the electric field of a point charge, \(q\)

The concept of electrostatic potential, abbreviated as V, is a fundamental aspect in the study of electric fields and forces. It is analogous to the gravitational potential in mechanics, representing potential energy per unit charge. The potential at a point in space is defined as the work done in moving a small test charge from infinity to that point, against the electric field, without any acceleration.

For a point charge, the electrostatic potential is given by the equation:
\[V = \frac{k q}{r}\]
where k is Coulomb's constant (or electrostatic constant), q is the charge of the point particle, and r is the radial distance from the charge. The negative gradient of the electrostatic potential gives us the electric field vector at that point. Understanding the relationship between potential and electric field is crucial in physics since it allows for the computation of forces that charged particles experience.

In mathematics, partial derivatives play an essential role when dealing with functions of multiple variables. They measure how a function changes as only one of the variables is varied, keeping the others fixed.

For a function V(x, y, z), the partial derivatives with respect to x, y, and z are written as &partial;V/&partial;x, &partial;V/&partial;y, and &partial;V/&partial;z. These are the rates of change of V in the direction of each coordinate axis.

In the context of electrostatics, by taking the negative partial derivatives of the electrostatic potential, we obtain the components of the electric field vector. The reason for taking the negative is the convention that the electric field points from higher to lower potential.

An electric field is described by a vector field that associates a vector with every point in space around charged objects. However, to fully understand and calculate the influence of this field, we need to break it down into components.

The electric field components E_x, E_y, and E_z are the effects of the electric field along the x, y, and z directions, respectively. These components can be obtained by taking the negative partial derivatives of the electrostatic potential with respect to each coordinate:
\[E_x = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\]
\[E_y = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}\]
\[E_z = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\]
These corresponding components are crucial because they allow us to calculate the force a charge would experience from the electric field in a specific direction. Moreover, having the components makes it possible to reconstruct the full vector field by vector addition.

The Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, measured in the same unit of length. The location of a point is determined by its distances along the orthogonal x, y, and z axes from a fixed reference point, the origin.

In our exercise, we translated the electrostatic potential equation from a spherical coordinate system, which is naturally suited for a point charge, into a Cartesian coordinate system. We did this to facilitate the calculation of the electric field components. By expressing the potential V in terms of x, y, and z, the calculation becomes a straightforward application of partial derivatives:
\[V = \frac{kq}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}}\]
This equation reveals the influence of the point charge at every location in space in terms of Cartesian coordinates, which is very useful for computations and visualizations.

The chain rule is a powerful rule in differential calculus for finding the derivative of a composite function. In essence, if a variable z is a function of y, which in turn is a function of x, then z can be considered a function of x as well. The chain rule states that the derivative of z with respect to x is the derivative of z with respect to y multiplied by the derivative of y with respect to x.

In the context of our problem, the electrostatic potential V depends on r, and r depends on x, y, and z. The chain rule allows us to differentiate V with respect to x, y, and z correctly. For instance, when we are finding the component E_x of the electric field, we apply the chain rule as follows:
\[E_x = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial x} = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial r}\cdot\frac{\partial r}{\partial x}\]
By utilizing the chain rule, we can manage the complexity of having an electrostatic potential that depends on a radial distance, which in turn depends on all three Cartesian coordinates.