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Chapter 39: Problem 7

Which of the following experiments proved the existence of the nucleus? a) the photoelectric effect b) the Millikan oil-drop experiment c) the Rutherford scattering experiment d) the Stern-Gerlach experiment

Short Answer

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a) Photoelectric effect b) Millikan oil-drop experiment c) Rutherford scattering experiment d) Stern-Gerlach experiment Answer: c) Rutherford scattering experiment

Step by step solution

01

Briefly describe each experiment

These are the summaries of the given experiments: a) The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon where electrons are emitted from a material after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation, typically in the form of visible or ultraviolet light. b) The Millikan oil-drop experiment measured the charge of an electron by observing and calculating the motion of tiny oil droplets in an electric field. c) The Rutherford scattering experiment consisted of firing alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a thin gold foil and measuring the distribution of the scattered particles. This experiment revealed the existence of a nucleus in an atom. d) The Stern-Gerlach experiment measured the deflection of single silver atoms subjected to an inhomogeneous magnetic field, demonstrating the quantization of angular momentum.
02

Identify the experiment related to the nucleus

The experiment which provided evidence for the existence of the nucleus is the Rutherford scattering experiment (c). This experiment showed that the vast majority of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its center, which is now known as the nucleus.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Some particle detectors measure the total number of particles integrated over part of a sphere of radius \(R\) from the target. Assuming symmetry about the axis of the incoming particle beam, use the Rutherford scattering formula to obtain the total number of particles detected as a function of the scattering angle \(\theta\).

\( \mathrm{~A} 6.50-\mathrm{MeV}\) alpha particle is incident on a lead nucleus. Because of the Coulomb force between them, the alpha particle will approach the nucleus only to a minimum distance, \(r_{\text {min }}\) a) Determine \(r_{\text {min }}\). b) If the kinetic energy of the alpha particle is increased, will the particle's distance of approach increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain.

A Geiger-Marsden type experiment is done by bombarding a 1.00 - \(\mu\) m thick gold foil with 8.00 - \(\mathrm{MeV}\) alpha rays. Calculate the fraction of particles scattered to an angle a) between \(5.00^{\circ}\) and \(6.00^{\circ}\) and b) between \(30.0^{\circ}\) and \(31.0^{\circ}\). (The atomic mass number of gold is 197 and its density is \(\left.19.3 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .\right)\)

The fundamental observation underlying the Big Bang theory of cosmology is Edwin Hubble's 1929 discovery that the arrangement of galaxies throughout space is expanding. Like the photons of the cosmic microwave background, the light from distant galaxies is stretched to longer wavelengths by the expansion of the universe. This is not a Doppler shift: Except for their local motions around each other, the galaxies are essentially at rest in space; it is the space itself that expands. The ratio of the wavelength of light \(\lambda_{\text {rec }}\) Earth receives from a galaxy to its wavelength \(\lambda_{\text {emit }}\) at emission is equal to the ratio of the scale factor (e.g., radius of curvature) \(a\) of the universe at reception to its value at emission. The redshift \(z\) of the light-which is what Hubble could measure - is defined by \(1+z=\lambda_{\text {rec }} / \lambda_{\text {emit }}=a_{\text {rec }} / a_{\text {emit }}\). a) Hubble's Law states that the redshift \(z\) of light from a galaxy is proportional to the galaxy's distance from us (for reasonably nearby galaxies): \(z \cong c^{-1} H \Delta s\), where \(c\) is the vacuum speed of light, \(H\) is the Hubble constant, and \(\Delta s\) is the distance of the galaxy. Derive this law from the first relationships stated in the problem, and determine the Hubble constant in terms of the scale-factor function \(a(t)\). b) If the present Hubble constant has the value \(H_{0}=72(\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{s}) / \mathrm{Mpc},\) how far away is a galaxy, the light from which has redshift \(z=0.10\) ? (The megaparsec \((\mathrm{Mpc})\) is a unit of length equal to \(3.26 \cdot 10^{6}\) light-years. For comparison, the Great Nebula in Andromeda is approximately 0.60 Mpc from us.)

Within three years after it begins operation, the proton beam at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is expected to reach a luminosity of \(10^{34} \mathrm{~cm}^{-2} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}\) (this means that in a \(1-\mathrm{cm}^{2}\) area, \(10^{34}\) protons encounter each other every second). The cross section for collisions, which could lead to direct evidence of the Higgs boson, is approximately \(1 \mathrm{pb}\) (picobarn). [These numbers were obtained from "Introduction to LHC physics," by G. Polesello, Journal of Physics: Conference Series \(53(2006), 107-116 .]\) If the accelerator runs without interruption, approximately how many of these Higgs events can one expect in one year at the LHC?
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