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Chapter 4: Problem 13

Explain how preschool-age children develop a concept of themselves. According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, preschool-age children move from the autonomy-versusshame-and-doubt stage (18 months to 3 years) to the initiative-versus-guilt stage (ages 3 to 6 ). Preschoolers' selfconcepts are formed partly from their own perceptions and estimations of their characteristics, partly from their parents' behavior toward them, and partly from cultural influences.

Short Answer

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Preschool-age children develop their self-concept through stages of Erikson's psychosocial development theory, their own self-perception, the behavior of their parents towards them, and cultural influences. They move from autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage (18 months-3 years) to initiative-versus-guilt stage (ages 3-6), forming their self-concept partly from their own perceptions and partly from external feedback.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Erikson's psychosocial development theory

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that children move from the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage (18 months to 3 years) to the initiative-versus-guilt stage (ages 3 to 6). At this stage, toddlers start to assert their sense of independence, and when encouraged, they feel secure and confident, but when discouraged, they feel ashamed and doubt their abilities.
02

Self-perception development in preschool-age children

Preschoolers' self-concepts are partially formed from their own perceptions and estimates of their characteristics. This includes their ability to undertake and complete tasks successfully, their physical appearance, their interaction with their peers etc. These perceptions play a critical role in building their self-concept.
03

Parental Influence on a child's self-concept

The behaviour and attitude of parents towards their children has considerable influence on children's self-concept. Parent's nurturing attitude and positive feedback can instill confidence, initiative and a sense of capability within children.
04

Cultural and societal influence on a child's self-concept

The cultural environment in which children grow also influences their self-concept. The behaviors, ideas, and attitudes valued by their culture can shape how they view and value themselves.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Describe the process of fine motor development in preschool-age children.

Explain how preschool-age children develop a moral sense. Piaget believed that preschool-age children are in the heteronomous morality stage of moral development, characterized by a belief in external, unchangeable rules of conduct and sure, immediate punishment for all misdeeds. In contrast, social learning approaches to morality emphasize interactions between environment and behavior in moral development, in which models of behavior play an important role. Some developmentalists believe that moral behavior is rooted in a child's development of empathy. Other emotions, including the negative emotions of anger and shame, may also promote moral behavior.

Describe the changing nature of families and the diversity of parenting styles preschoolers experience. Families change in nature and structure over the years, but a strong and positive home environment is essential to children's healthy development. Parental disciplinary styles differ both individually and culturally. In the United States and other Western societies, parents' styles tend to be mostly authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved, and authoritative. The authoritative style is regarded as the most effective.

Analyze the factors that contribute to child abuse and neglect, and describe personal characteristics that may protect children. Child abuse, which may be either physical or psychological, occurs especially in stressful home environments. Firmly held notions regarding family privacy and the use of physical punishment in childrearing contribute to the high rate of abuse in the United States. Moreover, the cycle of violence hypothesis points to the likelihood that people who were abused as children may turn into abusers as adults. Children who have been abused often survive their backgrounds by relying on the temperamental quality of resilience.

Analyze theoretical perspectives on the ways in which aggression develops in preschool-age children. Aggression, which involves intentional harm to another person, begins to emerge in the preschool years. Some ethologists, such as Konrad Lorenz, believe that aggression is simply a biological fact of human life. Social learning theorists focus on the role of the environment, including the influence of models and social reinforcement as factors influencing aggressive behavior. The cognitive approach to aggression emphasizes the role of interpretations of the behaviors of others in determining aggressive or nonaggressive responses.
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