Justin believes that bad things just happen to him and that he has bad luck. Justin's belief is most consistent with the cognitive approach to personality called a. expectancy theory b. object relations theory c. reciprocal determinism d. biological trait theory

To solve this problem, it is important to understand what each of the four cognitive theories of personality entails. a. Expectancy theory: This theory deals with how people make decisions based on their expected outcomes, and how they believe their actions will lead to specific outcomes. b. Object relations theory: This theory refers to the way individuals develop and maintain relationships based on their beliefs and past experiences with others, particularly during early childhood. c. Reciprocal determinism: This theory suggests that a person's behavior, cognitive processes, and situational factors all influence each other in a complex interplay. d. Biological trait theory: This theory attempts to explain personality differences and traits based on genetics and biology.

Justin believes that bad things just happen to him and that he has bad luck. This belief can be translated into a sense of expectation that negative outcomes are bound to happen, and there is little he can do to change that. His personality approach is focused on expecting specific outcomes.

Based on our understanding of the theories, the one that is most consistent with Justin's belief would be the "expectancy theory." This is because, according to this theory, people make decisions based on their expectations of outcomes, which matches Justin's belief that bad things will just happen to him. Therefore, the correct answer is: a. Expectancy theory