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Chapter 6: Problem 10

Research on avoidance learning suggests that a fear response is acquired through ____________ conditioning; the avoidance response is maintained as a result of _________________ conditioning. A. classical; operant B. operant; classical C. classical; classical D. operant; operant

Short Answer

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Answer: Classical conditioning is responsible for the acquisition of a fear response, while operant conditioning is responsible for the maintenance of an avoidance response.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. This type of conditioning was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov in his experiments with dogs. When the dogs were presented with food, they would salivate as a natural response. Pavlov then paired the food with a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, until the dogs would salivate at the sound of the bell, even without the presence of food.
02

Understanding Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which an individual's behavior is influenced by the consequences following that behavior. This type of conditioning was introduced by B.F. Skinner and includes positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. An example of operant conditioning would be a child receiving praise (positive reinforcement) for completing their homework, making them more likely to complete homework in the future.
03

Identifying the Conditioning Types for Fear and Avoidance Responses

Based on our understanding of the two types of conditioning, we can now identify the acquisition of a fear response and the maintenance of an avoidance response as a result of these conditioning types. A fear response is acquired through classical conditioning, as a neutral stimulus begins to elicit fear after being paired with an aversive stimulus. The avoidance response is then maintained as a result of operant conditioning because avoiding the fear-inducing stimulus results in the negative reinforcement of not experiencing the feared event.
04

Choosing the Correct Option

With our understanding of classical and operant conditioning applied to fear and avoidance responses, we can now choose the correct option: A. classical; operant.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The steady, rapid responding of a person playing a slot machine is an example of the pattern of responding typically generated on a ___________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. variable-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-interval

A pigeon in a Skinner box is pecking the disk at a high, steady rate. The graph portraying this pigeon's responding will have: A. a steep, unchanging slope. B. a shallow, unchanging slope. C. a progressively steeper slope D. a progressively shallower slope.

According to Rescorla, the strength of a conditioned response depends on: A. the number of trials in which the \(C S\) and \(U C S\) are paired. B. the number of trials in which the \(C S\) is presented alone. C. the percentage of trials in which the \(\mathrm{CS}\) and UCS are paired. D. resistance to extinction.

Nolan used to love tequila. However, a few weeks ago he drank way too much tequila and became very, very sick. His tendency to drink tequila has since declined dramatically. In operant terms, this sequence of events represents: A. generalization B. negative reinforcement. C. higher-order conditioning. D. punishment.

The phenomenon of higher-order conditioning shows that: A. only a genuine, natural UCS can be used to establish a CR. B. auditory stimuli are easier to condition than visual stimuli. C. visual stimuli are easier to condition than auditory stimuli. D. an already established CS can be used in the place of a natural UCS.
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