Chapter 2

\(2.5\) Give the number of valence clectrons for each of the following elements: (a) Ga; (b) Be; (c) Cr; (d) Sn.

\(2.6\) Give the number of valence electrons for each of the following elements: (a) As; (b) \(\mathrm{V}_{\text {; (c) } \mathrm{Cl} \text {; (d) } \mathrm{Ba} \text {. }\)

2.7 Give the ground-state clectron configuration expected for cach of the following ions: (a) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{3+}\); (b) \(\mathrm{Sn}^{2+}\); (c) \(\mathrm{W}^{2+}\); (d) \(\mathrm{S}^{2-}\).

\(2.8\) Give the ground-state clectron configuration expected for each of the following ions: (a) \(\mathrm{Ga}^{+}\); (b) \(\mathrm{Tc}^{4+}\); (c) \(\mathrm{Se}^{4+}\); (d) \(\mathrm{Br}^{3+}\).

\(2.9\) Predict the ground-state clectron configuration of the following metal ions: (a) \(\mathrm{Cr}^{2+}\); (b) \(\mathrm{V}^{3+}\); (c) \(\mathrm{Zr}^{2+}\); (d) \(\mathrm{Pd}^{2}\)

2.10 Predict the ground-state clectron configuration of the following metal ions: (a) \(\mathrm{Mn}^{+} ;\)(b) \(\mathrm{Os}^{2+}\); (c) \(\mathrm{Rh}^{4}\); (d) \(\mathrm{Hg}^{2+}\).

\(2.12\) Which M ions (M = metal) are predicted to have the following ground- state clectron configurations: (a) \([A r] 3 d^{1}\); (b) [Kr] \(4 d^{10}\); (c) \([\mathrm{Kr}] 4 d^{10} 5^{2} 5 p^{2}\); (d) [Xel \(5 d^{10} 6 s^{2}\) ?

2.13 For cach of the following ground-state atoms, predict the type of orbital \((1 s, 2 p, 3 d, 4 f\), and so on) from which an electron will need to be removed to form the \(+1\) ions: (a) \(\mathrm{Zn}\); (b) \(\mathrm{Cl}\); (c) \(\mathrm{Al}\); (d) \(\mathrm{Cu}\).

2.14 For each of the following ground-state ions, predict the type of orbital \((1 s, 2 p, 3 d, 4 f\), and so on) from which an electron will need to be removed to form the ions of one greater positive charge: (a) \(\mathrm{Ti}^{2+}\); (b) \(\ln ^{+} ;\)(c) \(\mathrm{Te}^{2-} ;\) (d) \(\mathrm{Ag}^{+} .\)

Write the most likely charge for the ions formed by each element: (a) Li; (b) \(S\); (c) Ca; (d) AI.